My wife and I live on an island in the Pacific Northwest. We are in a county that has the lowest working wages in the state. As you can imagine, there is a lot of belt tightening going on as the economy craters.
In a future blog post I’ll talk about how our community is finding ways to innovate in tough times, but for now, what I am thinking about is something Joseph Stiglitz said last year in an interview at the Asia Society in New York City. Stiglitz is a Nobel Laureate and professor of economics at Columbia University.
Toward the end of the interview, talking about GDP, he describes the dramatic negative side-effects a metric like GDP can have on societal well-being. In short, something as simple as a measurement can lift a society up, or crush it.
Here is what Professor Stiglitz said:
What We Measure Affects Our Behavior
Accounting frameworks affect behavior. More generally, information affects behavior. What we gather our information about, and how we describe success, affects what we strive for. If GDP is what we think is success, people will strive for growing GDP. Politicians, for example, will then describe how they increased GDP x%, creating a sense of importance to the measure. By doing that though, they focus policies on things that will increase GDP.
We have identified a lot of ways in which GDP is not a good measure of economic performance or societal well-being. So we are working with others to try and focus a global conversation about alternative measures, and also come up with some summary accounting frameworks and statistics that more effectively represent the economic realities on the ground.
Measuring the Middle Class
For example, GDP doesn’t tell you about what happens to the typical citizen. This is an increasing problem because when you have growing inequality in society, you can have GDP going up, as it has in the US, but most people are getting worse off. Not just poverty going up, but the median income – 50% or more of people getting worse off.
We ought to know what’s happening to the median person. It’s very hard to find statistics about that.
Green GDP
There needs to be a focus on what we call “Green GDP” – taking account of environmental degradation and resource depletion. This is particularly important in developing countries that may, for example, be growing by cutting down their forests. But once they cut down the forests, there’s nothing there. And so unless they do something, it’s not sustainable. GDP tells you nothing about sustainability. Another example – the IMF thought Argentina was doing great in the early 1990s. In looking at the data though, in a more fine grained way, we found that their growth was not sustainable. If you only looked at GDP, you would not have realized that.
There are ways that you can adjust for depletion of natural resources and degradation of the environment. If you do that, China’s growth, for example, gets significantly lowered. It’s still doing well, but it is much lower than it otherwise would have been.
Special Interests – The Invisible Hand
Here’s an interesting story about the role of special interests: When we tried to push for this (Green GDP), and people in the Department of Commerce were excited about doing this, the coal industry basically threatened to pass a proviso to take away funding for any research that would support these alternative measures. Because they new that Green GDP would not be good for the coal industry. That reinforced our belief on why it is important to measure these things.
GDP and GNP
Here’s another example… the difference between GDP and GNP. Those of you who are older may remember GNP and around 1990 they switched to GDP. Well, everybody said it’s just a little bit of difference. It turns out that it makes a great deal of difference for many countries. And I am sure somebody is going to write an article about whether there was a political context to the switch. GDP looks at the output within the country. GNP looks at the income of the people, in the country. When you started privatizing a great deal, you had economic activity within the country, but the income from that economic activity more and more was going to people outside the country. So you have a mine, for example, somebody taking [resources] out of the mine, leaving behind environmental degradation, getting royalties in some cases of 1 or 2 percent, so almost none for the income from the mine goes to people in the country. So GDP is going up, but any measure of Green GNP would show the country going down. There are some really dramatic examples like in Papua New Guinea, where this actually is true.
GDP, Prisons and Healthcare
Two dramatic examples – The US has about 10 times as many people per capita in prison as other advanced industrial countries. That contributes to our GDP, because we have to spend money incarcerating them. In some states, we are spending as much on building prisons as we are on universities. That’s good for GDP, but any measure of societal well-being says it’s not good to have so many people in prison. And it’s a symptom of something dysfunctional. We can have a long discussion about what it is that’s dysfunctional, but the point is, it’s not positive.
Another example – We spend more on healthcare than any other country, as a percentage of GDP, yet our health outcomes are much lower than in other advanced industrial countries, and actually, lower than many developing countries. Well, the extra money we spent on healthcare shows up as a contribution to GDP. If we got more efficient our GDP could go down. But that is clearly not… you don’t want to… You’re looking at the wrong thing.
END OF INTERVIEW
You can watch the GDP portion of the interview video here.
For me, what Stiglitz is getting at is: We grow what we measure (GDP), and because we are measuring the wrong stuff, we are growing wrong.
It seems to be in our DNA to want to “grow,” but like a garden, don’t we have a choice about what we grow? Are there ways we can grow our economy that restore abundance rather than consume it? What are the essential things to measure so that we are growing good things?
What do you think? What would you like to see grow? What should we be measuring?
Jay Kimball says:
The New York Times has an article, Rethinking the Measure of Growth, that was published today. It’s a good read. Check it out at:
http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/19/business/energy-environment/19green.html
Mark Rego-Monteiro says:
Nice to read about Stiglitz´s comments. He commented with some additional specifics in a Fortune mag article in 2006, and nice to see he´s still bringing it up. I´ve seen him live at the UN and a panel talk by The Nation mag, and found he used very conservative terms and didn´t use these concepts much that I recall. Herman Daly, also a former World Banker, has been dedicated to deep exploration of these concepts for years and has been a major proponent if not pioneer, and has set the standard for the many great efforts that have been made by the likes of Robert Costanza and Jonathan Harris in the eco case.
The social realm is also key, and is well-considered in an article referenced in this excellent article at E mag: http://www.emagazine.com/view/?655 .
Jay Kimball says:
Thanks for your thoughtful comment Mark.
I appreciate your pointing me to the article on Real Wealth and the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI). It seems to me that there are some good alternatives to GDP as a measure of economic wellbeing. What are your thoughts on how to get those metrics adopted by nations, to replace GDP?
On a related note, regarding a nations wealth and wellbeing, you may find this post interesting:
http://8020vision.com/2010/11/16/when-does-the-wealth-of-a-nation-hurt-its-wellbeing/